Quantum Computing: Beyond the Hype, Defining Real Advantage
The concept of quantum computers has long captivated the imagination, promising a revolution in computational power capable of tackling problems far beyond the reach of even the most advanced classical supercomputers. Yet, the reality has often lagged behind the ambitious claims. Terms like “quantum advantage” – the idea that quantum machines can solve problems classical ones cannot – frequently face scrutiny from both skeptics and even within the quantum community itself. While genuine theoretical and experimental strides have been made, many demonstrated “feats” have lacked immediate real-world applicability, leading to a sense of fatigue over what can feel like relentless hype.
To cut through the noise and understand the true trajectory of quantum technology, insights from industry leaders are crucial. Jerry Chow, Director of IBM Quantum, offers a grounded perspective on what quantum computing truly means for the world, how far the field has progressed, and how to navigate the constant stream of breakthrough announcements.
Chow emphasizes that the ultimate goal is to deliver useful quantum computing, and a key aspect of this is building “differentiating computation” that surpasses current capabilities. While mathematical proofs exist for quantum algorithms that can theoretically outperform classical computing – such as factoring large numbers for encryption or simulating complex molecular structures – the practical application of “quantum advantage” is more nuanced. It is not about quantum computers entirely replacing existing systems like GPUs or CPUs. Instead, quantum advantage lies in using quantum computing in conjunction with available classical resources to solve problems more cheaply, quickly, or accurately.
This perspective marks a significant departure from the popular narrative of quantum computers unilaterally changing everything. Chow draws parallels to the evolution of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), which initially found a niche in gaming before scaling up dramatically to power national computing strategies, high-performance computing clusters, and complex scientific research in molecular structure, cosmology, and high-energy physics. He anticipates a similar trajectory for quantum technology, envisioning it as an “augmented tool” rather than a standalone replacement.
The inherent connection between classical and quantum computing is fundamental to this augmentation. Quantum computers, by their nature, rely on classical systems for input, control, and the interpretation of their outputs. While quantum mechanics allows these machines to explore exponentially vast computational spaces, the final measurements are always translated back into classical data for further processing. This symbiotic relationship means that classical computing is not only essential for verifying quantum operations but also integral to how quantum capabilities are leveraged within broader computational workflows. There is no need to fear quantum technology supplanting classical systems; they are designed to work together.
IBM, a long-standing pioneer in the field, has been instrumental in this evolution. Chow, with 15 years dedicated to IBM’s quantum research, recounts the journey from a small team focused on building better devices to a pivotal decision in the mid-2010s to make quantum systems accessible via the cloud. This shift transformed quantum computing from a laboratory curiosity into a computational platform, moving beyond the physical manipulation of hardware to focus on its utility as a tool. Today, IBM’s quantum systems are deployed in dedicated quantum data centers globally and at client locations, fostering significant engagement. A notable example is the collaboration with Japan’s RIKEN Institute, where researchers combine the power of the Fugaku supercomputer with IBM’s System Two quantum computer to delve into complex molecular structures, pushing the boundaries of what’s computationally feasible.
Beyond hardware development, a crucial part of IBM’s strategy is cultivating a robust community. Building the machines is only half the battle; their usefulness must be derived through broad adoption and innovative application. The IBM Quantum Network, comprising nearly 300 members, facilitates this ecosystem approach, encouraging experts from diverse sectors like healthcare, life sciences, oil and gas, and energy to explore and demand advanced quantum solutions.
The message is clear: quantum computers are not a distant dream; they are tangible, usable technologies available today. Despite the marketing buzz, individuals can readily engage with quantum computing, even running quantum circuits for free online. Resources and a supportive community abound, making it possible for anyone to gain hands-on experience rather than relying solely on promotional narratives. Looking ahead, the next milestones for quantum computing will likely be a series of incremental achievements. IBM plans to introduce a new device called “Nighthawk” by the end of the year, and the field anticipates a continuous back-and-forth with classical computing, with increasingly complex circuits being run on quantum machines, driving deeper engagement with the high-performance computing community in the coming years.